图式理论在复合式听写教学中的应用

图式理论在复合式听写教学中的应用

论文摘要

听力作为四大语言技能之一,在英语交际中起着重要作用。然而,由于复合式听写将听与写结合在一起,使之成为听力测试中较为复杂的一部分。1997年6月,复合式听写首次出现在大学英语四级考试中。自2007年,大学英语四、六级考试开始侧重学生的综合应用能力,尤其是听说,所以听力部分由原来的20%增加到35%。而复合式听写成为每年必考题型。复合式听写是一种有效的综合性测试,可以考查学生词汇量、拼写、句法、听力、理解、记笔记和一定的书面表达等多方面的要素和技能,它可以验证学生是否能正确自如地运用外语单词和语法。这种题型比多选题难度大,正如语言测试专家所说,听写是一种最有效的测试方式。研究人员发现听写成绩与许多其它技能的相关系数很高。本文在分析应试者作此题时所出现的问题后,从认知学角度对一些听力策略进行分析,目的帮助听者找到合适有效的方法提高他们的听与写的能力,开发语言的综合能力。所运用的图式理论包括三大要素,语言图式(语言的掌握)、内容图式(文化背景知识)和形式图式(文章结构知识)。通过图式激活而达到意义重建的方法主要有两种,一是“自下而上”的材料驱动加工模式和“自上而下”的概念驱动加工模式,还有“自下而上”和“自上而下”两种模式的交互过程,读者可以通过这些模式理解文章。很多学者和专家证明图式理论在阅读中是非常有效的,听力与阅读很相似,所以笔者建议将图式理论的策略应用到复合式听写中。在听力过程中,可以通过图式理论对文章进行有效预测,鼓励学生运用不同的信息处理方式,以提高听力水平。依照图式理论,由记忆理论知识和输入输出理论作支撑,许多策略可以广泛地应用到听力教学中以提高学生的听力水平。教师在听力课上可以将听的活动分三个阶段:听前,听时和听后,并在其中运用许多策略,如:自上而下策略,自下而上策略,记笔记策略,瞬时记忆策略和重点选择策略等等。通过本文的实验,进行研究问题、研究设计、具体实施、及数据分析,分析的研究结果并提出对听力教学的建议。本文通过听力测试,访问调查问卷、面谈等手段来收集资料,主要分析了学生的答题情况、技策略运用于测试结果、证明一些策略可以对复合式听写的不同方面起着作用。所以,听者要在听时要灵活地运用理论和策略,才可成功地完成复合式听写。

论文目录

  • 摘要
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Problems of Students in Compound Dictation
  • 1.2 The Purpose of This Thesis
  • 2 Literary Review
  • 2.1 Schema Theory
  • 2.1.1 The Introduction of Schema Theory
  • 2.1.2 Schema in Reading and listening Process
  • 2.2 Three Models on Formation Processing
  • 2.2.1 Bottom-up Model
  • 2.2.2 Top-down Model
  • 2.2.3 Interactive Model
  • 2.2.4 Necessary Jobs During the Two Processes
  • 2.3 Summary
  • 3 Relevant Theories to Compound Dictation
  • 3.1 Memory for Comprehension
  • 3.2 Introduction of Memory
  • 3.2.1 Short-term Memory
  • 3.2.2 Permanent Memory
  • 3.3 Relevance for Language Processing
  • 3.4 Memory for Sentences
  • 3.4.1 Inferences and Sentence Memory
  • 3.4.2 Propositions and Sentence Memory
  • 3.5 Discourse Comprehension and Memory
  • 3.5.1 Schemata
  • 3.5.2 Identifying the Main Points
  • 3.6 Input and Output Hypothesis
  • 3.6.1 Krashen Input Hypothesis
  • 3.6.2 Swain's Output Hypothesis
  • 3.6.3 Application of Input-Output Theory in Class
  • 3.7 Summary
  • 4 Strategies in Class for Compound Dictation
  • 4.1 Top-down Processing Strategy
  • 4.2 Bottom-up Processing Strategy
  • 4.3 Note-taking strategy
  • 4.4 Short-term Memory (STM) Strategy
  • 4.5 Selective Attention Strategy
  • 4.6 Summary
  • 5 Listening Practice in Class
  • 5.1 Pre-listening Activities
  • 5.2 While-listening Activities
  • 5.3 Post-listening Activities
  • 5.4 Summary
  • 6 Experimental Studies
  • 6.1 Purpose
  • 6.2 The Design of the Study
  • 6.2.1 Subjects
  • 6.2.2 Instrument
  • 6.2.3 Materials
  • 6.2.4 Procedures
  • 6.2.5 Hypotheses
  • 6.2.6 Test
  • 6.2.7 Results
  • 6.3 Analysis
  • 6.3.1 Analysis of the survey
  • 6.3.2 Analysis of the Interview
  • 6.3.3 Analysis of the Strategy Use and Test Performance
  • 6.4 Summary
  • 7 Conclusion
  • 7.1 The major findings of the study
  • 7.1.1 The Process of Compound Dictation
  • 7.1.2 Strategy Use in Compound Dictation
  • 7.2 Pedagogical Implications
  • 7.2.1 Applying Schema Theory into Compound Dictation
  • 7.2.2 The Promotion of Schema Strategies in Compound Dictation
  • 7.3 Limitations of the Present Study and Suggestions for the Future Research
  • Bibliography
  • Notes
  • Appendix
  • Publication
  • Acknowledgements
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    图式理论在复合式听写教学中的应用
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