从认知角度看英语和汉语的容器隐喻

论文摘要

以前,隐喻一直被认为仅仅是一种修辞手段,是正常语言的偏离或违背。而认知语言学家认为隐喻无处不在,是正常语言的组成部分。隐喻不仅是语言现象,更是一种思维方式和认知方式。隐喻具有普遍性,但因文化而异。本文运用莱考夫提出的认知语言学理论对英汉两种语言中的容器隐喻进行了对比分析。文章从认知的角度来研究隐喻,所以认为隐喻思维是认知程序的组成部分,人类通过这种隐喻思维对世界进行概念化。本文的研究重点是容器隐喻。容器隐喻是通过空间概念IN和OUT来实现的,它在我们的抽象思维中占有重要的地位。本文对由四个意象图式概念IN/OUT,LI/WAI发展而来的隐喻的异同进行分析。语料主要来自词典和语料库,而语料库的语料是从网上下载的报纸,杂志和书籍。来自词典的语料能反映出词汇本源意拓展出的隐喻意义的过程;来自语料库的语料能体现出隐喻在现实生活中的各种目标域的分布情况。文章对容器隐喻的分析是从定量和定性两方面展开的。研究发现:我们研究的四个概念都根植于身体经验,都可以用来描述情感、事件、时间、状态、数量、社会地位和语言等抽象域;由IN/OUT,LI/WAI发展而来的隐喻在英汉两种语言中存在极大相似性;不同主要存在于社会地位和情感两方面。认知语言学认为人类的抽象思维是意象图式的,具有隐喻性;隐语投射根植于身体经验。文章的研究结果为此提供了一点证据。同时,本文的研究发现也为容器隐喻普遍存在这一可能性提供一些证据。

论文目录

• ABSTRACT
• 中文摘要
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• Chapter One INTRODUCTION
• Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW
• 2.1 A Critical Survey of Historical Metaphor Studies
• 2.1.1 The Aristotelian approach:metaphor as a transference of names
• 2.1.2 The pragmatic approach:metaphor as a special speech act
• 2.1.3 The interactionist approach:metaphor as an interaction
• 2.2 Cognitive Linguistic Paradigm
• 2.2.1 The theory of prototypes and basic-level categories
• 2.2.2 Philosophical basis of cognitive linguistics:experiential realism
• 2.3 A Cognitive Approach to Metaphor
• 2.3.1 The conceptual nature and characteristics of metaphor
• 2.3.1.1 The conceptual nature of metaphor
• 2.3.1.2 Characteristics of metaphor
• 2.3.2 Cultural coherence of conceptual metaphor
• 2.3.3 The internal structure of metaphor:mapping across domains
• 2.3.4 The classification of metaphor
• 2.3.5 Historical studies of metaphor adopting the cognitive approach
• 2.3.6 Space,image schemas,and CONTAINER metaphor
• 2.3.6.1 The primacy of space
• 2.3.6.2 Image schemas
• 2.3.6.3 CONTAINER metaphor
• 2.3.7 Recent studies of CONTAINER metaphor
• 2.3.8 Research issues:IN,OUT,LI and WAI as image-schematic concepts
• Chapter Three RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• 3.1 From Concept to Word
• 3.2 The Dictionary-based Approach and the Corpus-based Approach for Data-collection
• Chapter Four RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND CHINESE IN CONTAINER METAPHORS
• 4.1 Quantitative Analysis
• 4.2 Qualitative Analysis
• 4.2.1 Bodily experiences of CONTAINER metaphor
• 4.2.2 Physiological phenomena and functions as containers
• 4.2.2.1 Visual fields as containers
• 4.2.2.2 Colors as containers
• 4.2.2.3 Emotions as containers
• 4.2.2.4 Linguistic expressions as containers
• 4.2.2.5 Other physiological phenomena and functions as containers
• 4.2.3 Spatial containers
• 4.2.3.1 Sound in nature as container
• 4.2.3.2 Illumination and shade or shadow as container
• 4.2.3.3 Other entities as containers
• 4.2.4 Metaphorical extensions of spatial container
• 4.2.4.1 Events or activities as containers
• 4.2.4.2 States as containers
• 4.2.4.3 Time as container
• 4.2.4.4 Quantity as container
• 4.2.4.5 Social status as container
• 4.3 Summary
• Chapter Five CONCLUSION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• APPENDIX Ⅰ FREQUENCY OF WORDS IN THE CORPUS
• APPENDIX Ⅱ INTRODUCTION OF THE CORPORA
• APPENDIX Ⅲ PART OF THE CHINESE CORPUS
• APPENDIX Ⅳ PART OF THE ENGLISH CORPUS