英汉儿童拒绝语习得研究

论文摘要

拒绝语是行使拒绝的言语行为。有关拒绝语的研究始于二十世纪70年代末,但其始终没有成为语言研究的热点。儿童拒绝语尤其很少得到关注。本研究通过对ZHZ、MHR、Adam和Sarah四名儿童的个案研究,运用调查法、文献资料法和数据统计法等方法分析两名说汉语儿童和两名说英语儿童的拒绝语,旨在考察儿童拒绝语语用发展以及比较说汉语儿童和说英语拒绝语语用发展的异同。本研究分为三个部分。第一部分为文献综述,对相关成人和儿童的拒绝语研究现状从拒绝的定义,拒绝策略的类型及其相关变量,跨文化比较研究和语用角度的研究四个方面做研究综述。第二部分对说汉语儿童拒绝语语用发展展开纵向研究。结果发现儿童有时会使用粗鲁表达来拒绝,这一策略在以往的研究中未曾被提及。本研究还发现大部分拒绝策略在儿童18个月之前都已经出现。随着年龄的增长,儿童会使用更多的拒绝策略类型,会使用更多的间接拒绝,尤其是理由这一策略,还会使用更多的综合策略,并且会使用长句来表达拒绝。本部分就成人对儿童拒绝的回应也进行了分析。通过双变量相关分析得出儿童的理由策略和成人的给出及询问理由策略显著相关,儿童的其他选择策略和成人的调整策略显著相关。第三部分对说汉语儿童和说英语儿童的拒绝语使用情况做对比分析。发现其相同之处有:除MHR和Adam没有使用粗鲁表达之外,四名儿童使用相同的拒绝策略,其中否定、其他选择和理由使用都最为频繁。随着年龄的增长,四名儿童都使用更多策略类型和更长的句子。相异之处为:说英语儿童使用理由策略比说汉语儿童多,但使用部分接受策略比说汉语儿童少。成人对儿童拒绝的回应的比较分析也表明两种语言之间成人回应和儿童拒绝语之间的关系存在较大差异。

论文目录

• 摘要
• Abstract
• Index to Tables
• Index to Figures
• Abbreviations
• Introduction
• 0.1 Background of the study
• 0.2 Purpose and significance of the study
• 0.3 Organization of the thesis
• Chapter 1 Literature Review on Refusal Studies
• 1.1 Definitions of refusal
• 1.2 Studies on refusal strategies
• 1.2.1 Studies on refusal strategies of adults
• 1.2.2 Studies on refusal strategies of children
• 1.2.3 Studies on correlations between refusal strategies and related variables
• 1.3 Cross-linguistic contrastive studies on refusals
• 1.4 Pragmatic studies on refusals
• 1.5 Summary
• Chapter 2 A Longitudinal Study of Chinese-speaking Children’s Refusa
• 2.1 Research design
• 2.1.1 Subjects and methods
• 2.1.2 Collection and collation of data
• 2.1.3 Classification of children’s refusal strategies in this study
• 2.1.4 Hypotheses of the development of children’s refusals
• 2.2 Results and discussion
• 2.2.1 Development of children’s refusal strategies
• 2.2.1.1 Types of refusal strategies
• 2.2.1.2 Numbers and emerging time of refusal strategies
• 2.2.1.3 Indirect refusals
• 2.2.1.4 Compound refusals
• 2.2.1.5 Length of refusal production
• 2.2.2 Correlations between adults’subsequent responses and children’s refusals
• 2.2.2.1 Adults’subsequent responses
• 2.2.2.2 Correlations between adults’subsequent responses and children’s refusals
• 2.3 Summary
• Chapter 3 A Cross-linguistic Study of Children’s Refusals
• 3.1 A study on English-speaking children’s refusals
• 3.1.1 Subjects, collection and collation of data
• 3.1.2 Results and discussion
• 3.1.2.1 The top three strategies
• 3.1.2.2 Number of refusal strategies
• 3.1.2.3 Indirect refusals
• 3.1.2.4 Compound refusals
• 3.1.2.5 Sentence length of refusals
• 3.2 A comparative analysis of Chinese-speaking and English-speaking children’s refusal strategies
• 3.2.1 A comparison of types of refusal strategies
• 3.2.2 A comparison of number of refusal strategies
• 3.2.3 A comparison of indirect refusals
• 3.2.4 A comparison of compound refusals
• 3.2.5 A comparison of the length of each refusal
• 3.3 Correlations between the adults’subsequent responses and the children’s refusals
• 3.3.1 A contrastive study on adults’subsequent responses
• 3.3.2 A contrastive study on the correlations between the adults’subsequent responses and the children’s refusals
• 3.4 Summary
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Acknowledgements
• Appendix Ⅰ （攻读学位期间主要研究成果目录）
• Appendix Ⅱ Data Collection Sample
• Appendix Ⅲ Sample of Transcription
• 详细摘要