流域水电开发环境影响评价方法 ——以跨界河流黑龙江为例

论文摘要

水电开发项目的环境影响问题日益受到广泛关注,对于跨界的国际河流更是如此。本研究借助数学模型、制图和地理信息系统等手段,探索流域水电开发环境影响的评价方法,并以国际河流阿穆尔/黑龙江流域作为案例开展了应用分析。阿穆尔/黑龙江流域是典型的需要共享环境责任的跨界地区。然而目前在该流域普遍存在共享资源的不协调利用现象,具体包括:过度捕捞,不合理的分流引水,单边建设洪水控制设施,水电站的开发建设(HPP),未经处理的径流排放,滥砍滥伐等,导致阿穆尔/黑龙江流域生态系统生产力和恢复力不断被削弱。根据中俄跨界地区合作计划,阿穆尔河/黑龙江主河道规划有12座水坝;此外在三国共享流域内至少有80多座大型水坝已完成建设。由于对风险的考虑不足,这种大规模建设对于环境和社会经济的影响非常复杂,且很难预测。为此,本研究提出一种相对简单的、流域尺度的快速评价方法。该方法通过比较各种水电项目的全流域环境影响,在阿穆尔/黑龙江流域所有拟建水电站中,筛选生产力最高,但对环境危害最小的水电发展方案。论文作者通过大量文献调研,首先探讨了大型水坝的主要功能及其环境影响,总结了水电开发和水坝建设的成本效益分析方法和主要环境影响评价方法,系统梳理了目前中国水电发展的趋势,并分析了国内和跨区水电项目环境影响评价的法律框架。然后,作者回顾了中俄水电合作的历程,总结了两国在阿穆尔/黑龙江流域水电和水资源管理的合作趋势,并简要介绍了该流域拟建大型水电项目对环境和社会的潜在影响。在此基础上,作者提出了大型水坝环评的关键评价因素和指标,构建了流域尺度水电建设环境影响评价方法,该方法可以估算下游水文状况和洪泛区生态系统的改变、坝上水生生态系统的改变及流域的碎片化与阻断。最后,作者以阿穆尔/黑龙江及其子流域单元为例进行评价方法的应用,给出了评价的结果和结论,并就黑龙江流域水电发展的两国合作之可能途径,提出了建议。通过建议的评价方法,作者进行了阿穆尔/黑龙江流域潜在水坝建设位置的全流域评价,并评估了不同水电开发方案对环境的影响和效率。基于评估结果,作者提出了一种可能的水坝开发项目分类:满意(22),不满意(24),有害(5),灾难性的(15)。这种分类综合考虑了水坝的发电能力及其环境影响。在前述研究的基础上,作者对阿穆尔/黑龙江跨界流域水电开发做了情景预测,建议在该地区采用更严格的环保标准,提高现有设施的能源效率,以此作为推动该地区可持续发展的强制性前提要求,满足要求后方可考虑新增大坝建设的可行性。只有评估结果为“满意”类中(少害,高效)的水坝项目才可以作为备选方案实施。必须避免其他类别评估结果的水坝建设。

论文目录

中文摘要

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. IMPACTS, COSTS AND BENEFITS OF HYDROPOWERDEVELOPMENT. CURRENT APPROACHES TO IMPACT ASSESSMENT

1.1. Socio-economic costs and benefits of dams

1.2. Environmental impacts of large dams

1.3. Current approaches to the strategic impact assessment of the hydropowerdevelopment in a river basin

CHAPTER 2. HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA AND LEGALFRAMEWORK FOR THE EIA ON HYDRO PROJECTS

2.1. Recent trends of hydropower development in China

2.2. China’s legal framework on Environmental Impact Assessment fordomestic and transboundary hydropower projects

CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF AMUR/HEILONG RIVER BASIN AND IMPACTS OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT

3.1. Geographical and hydrological characteristics of the Amur / Heilong Riverbasin

3.2. Global value of the Heilongjiang freshwater ecosystems and humanimpacts in the basin

3.3. Reasons and history of large hydro development in Heilongjiang basin. 32

3.3.1. A brief analysis of the HPPs existing in the Amur / Heilong Riverbasin

3.3.2. HPPs proposed in Heilongjiang basin

CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGY OF THE BASIN-WIDE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTEXPRESS ASSESSMENT

4.1. Introduction to the express environmental assessment methodology

4.2. Selection of most significant indicators for the model: its basiccharacteristics and significance

4.2.1. Downstream changes in the hydrological regime and floodplainecosystems

4.2.2. Transformation of aquatic ecosystems above the dam

4.2.3. Isolation of river sections

4.2.4. River basin fragmentation

4.2.5. Change in the natural regime of sediment runoff

4.2.6. Natural value of the sub-basin

4.3. Integral and environmental efficiency indicators used in the model

CHAPTER 5. EXAMPLE OF A COMPREHENSIVE BASIN-WIDE HYDROPOWERIMPACT ASSESSMENT

5.1. Impact assessment for a single HPP

5.1.1. Downstream changes in the hydrological regime and floodplainecosystems

5.1.2. Transformation of aquatic ecosystems above the dam

5.1.3. River basin blockage by the dam

5.1.4. River basin fragmentation

5.1.5. Modification of natural regime of sediment runoff

5.1.6. Integral indicators of impacts of a single HPP

5.1.7. Environmental efficiency indicators for a single HPP

5.2. Comparison of the impacts of single HPPs

5.3. Scenarios of hydropower development in the river basin

5.3.1. Downstream changes in the hydrological regime and floodplainecosystems

5.3.2. Transformation of aquatic ecosystems above the dam

5.3.3. Isolation of the river basin

5.3.4. Basin fragmentation

5.3.5. Change in the natural regime of sediment runoff

5.3.6. Integral and specific （environmental efficiency） indicators of thecascade's impacts

5.4. Comparison of the scenarios of hydropower development inthe river basin

CHAPTER 6. RESULTS OF THE ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSOF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE AMUR / HEILONG RIVER BASIN

6.1. Results of individual assessment of the HPPs on the threemain indicators

6.2. Possible ways of Hydropower Development in Heilong River basin

CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1. Conclusions

7.2. Recommendations

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES AND PICTURES

APPENDIX 1. LIST OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS POTENTIALLYCAUSED BY CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE HYDROPOWER PROJECTS

APPENDIX 2.OUTLINE OF THE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

APPENDIX 3. RANKING OF INTEGRAL IMPACTS OF POTENTIAL DAMSCENARIOS – 3 FACTORS （CHINESE SIDE OF THE HEILONG BASIN）

APPENDIX 4. RANKING OF INTEGRAL IMPACTS OF POTENTIAL DAM SCENARIOS – 3 FACTORS （RUSSIAN SIDE OF THE HEILONG BASIN + MAINCHANNEL）

APPENDIX 5. RANKING OF INTEGRAL IMPACTS OF POTENTIAL DAM SCENARIOS – 5 FACTORS （RUSSIAN SIDE OF THE HEILONG BASIN + MAINCHANNEL）

APPENDIX 6. CORRELATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND EFFICIENCY（RUSSIAN SIDE OF THE HEILONG BASIN + MAIN CHANNEL）

APPENDIX 7. CORRELATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND EFFICIENCY（CHINESE SIDE OF THE HEILONG BASIN）

APENDIX 8. HPPS IN THE AMUR / HEILONG RIVER BASIN AND ITS INTEGRALIMPACT ON THE ECOSYSTEM OF THE RIVER ON 3 MAIN FACTORS

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流域水电开发环境影响评价方法 ——以跨界河流黑龙江为例

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