论文题目: 美国总统与国会的战争决策权之争
论文类型: 博士论文
论文专业: 英语语言文学
作者: 刘学政
导师: 梅仁毅
关键词: 美国外交,总统,国会,战争决策权
文献来源: 北京外国语大学
发表年度: 2005
论文摘要: 由于宪法确立的分权和制衡体制,在美国建国两百多年来所进行的大大小小的战争中,总统与国会关于战争决策权力的斗争一直持续不断,成为总统与国会争夺外交决策权力斗争的核心内容之一。研究总统与国会关于战争决策权力的斗争不但可以考察美国的战争决策机制和决策模式,而且可以更加深入地了解美国外交政策制订过程中总统与国会的相互作用和影响。越战以来,对战争决策权之争的研究在美国学界成为热点,但美国学者的研究大多是从宪法或法律角度进行讨论或围绕《战权决议》进行个案研究,其着眼点往往在于总统和国会谁应拥有战争决策权力的法律或政治论争,摒弃个人立场对战争决策实践的综合历史研究并不多见。国内目前对此问题的研究多限于对战争权力之争特别是对《战权决议》的一般性介绍,鲜有比较全面或深入的研究成果。本文的写作目的就在于从一定程度上弥补现有研究之不足。论文对美国建国以来总统与国会关于战争决策权力的斗争进行了综合历史研究,全面考察了美国战争决策实践在各个历史时期的发展变化及其国际国内政治背景,分析并总结了总统战争决策权扩展的阶段、成因、和总统扩展权力的手法,以及总统和国会在战争决策中的互动模式及影响互动模式的国内外因素,同时,论文对战争决策权之争的性质及未来发展也进行了试探性定位和分析。论文以历史分析和案例分析为主要研究方法,以“府院政治互动过程”研究模式为主要分析工具,在两个层面上进行了分析研究:对战争决策权之争和战争决策实践的历史综合研究及对战争决策案例的具体分析考察。论文主要内容如下:首先,论文阐述了战争决策权之争的法律框架和总统与国会对相关法律条文的不同解读。战争决策权之争的根源在于美国宪法的分权和制衡原则,宪法对大部分战争权力进行了明确的划分,但在决策权的归属上并不十分明确,从而导致行政与立法部门对宪法条文解读不一,在实践中引发了持续不断的府院之争。二战以后,《联合国宪章》以及《里约热内卢条约》、《北大西洋公约》、《东南亚共同防御条约》等同盟条约的签署都涉及到战争决策权力问题并引发争论,国会亦先后通过《联合国参与法案》及《战权决议》,试图对战争决策权力加以明确,但结果仍然是总统与国会对相关法律条文各自解读,使战争决策权之争更为复杂。而负责解释宪法和联邦法律的法院则竭力置身事外,以各种理由回避对战争决策权的归属做出判决,遂致府院之争无休无
论文目录:
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.The Origins and Development of the Subject
2.The Reasons for Choosing the Subject: Its Significance and Relevance
3.Definition of Terms and Scope of Study
3.1 Definition of Terms
3.2 Scope of Study
4.Literature Review
5.What Is New and Different in This Research?
5.1 Thesis of the Paper
5.2 Thesis Contribution and Limitation
6.Theory---Foreign Policy Decision-making Models
6.1 The Rational Actor Model
6.2 The Bureaucratic Politics Model
6.3 The Organization Process Model
6.4 Congressional Approach: Theories of Congressional Behavior
6.5 The Political Process Model
6.6 The Inter-branch Politics Model
7.Methodology
8.Layout of the Paper
Chapter 2 Constitutional and Legal Framework of War Power and the Struggle over Interpretation
1.Constitutional Framework
1.1 Constitutional Allocation of War Power
1.2 The Intent of the Framers
1.3 Why and How the Struggles Arise
2. International Treaties
2.1 UN Charter and UN Participation Act
2.2 Mutual-defense Treaties
3.The War Powers Resolution
3.1 Major Provisions
3.2 Presidential Compliance and Non-compliance
4.The Attitude of the Judiciary
Chapter 3 Early Practice till the Beginning of WWII: from Congressional Dominance to Presidential Initiative
1.Framers’War Power Practice: Congressional Dominance (George Washington to James Monroe)
2.War Power in Evolution (post-Monroe 19~(th) century)
3.Presidential Initiatives and Congressional Acquiescence (1900--WWII)
3.1 Presidential Initiatives and Congressional Acquiescence: Interventions in Latin America
3.2 Formal Assertion of Presidential War Power yet Respect for Congress:Woodrow Wilson and WWI
3.3 Bypassing Congress: Roosevelt and WWII
Chapter 4 From Korea to the War Powers Resolution: from Presidential Expansion to Congressional Reassertion
1.The Korean War: Congress Ignored
2.The Blank Check Resolutions: All “According to His Best Judgment”
2.1 The Formosa (Taiwan) Resolution
2.2 The Middle East Resolution
2.3 The Cuba Resolution
2.4 The Tonkin Gulf Resolution
3.The Vietnam War: from Congressional Deference to Congressional Resurgence
4.The War Powers Resolution: to Check Presidential War Power
Chapter 5 War Power Struggle after the War Powers Resolution: Presidential Dominance Largely Unchecked
1.Presidential Unilateral Decisions: Consultation as Notification or No Consultation at All
1.1 The Mayaguez Recapture
1.2 Iran Hostage Rescue Attempt
1.3 Air Strikes against Libya
1.4 The Invasion of Panama
1.5 Air Strikes against Baghdad
2.Congressional Attempts to Enforce the War Powers Resolution: More Failures than Successes
2.1 Lebanon
2.2 The Invasion of Grenada
2.3 Persian Gulf Operations against Iran
3.Unilateral Presidential Decisions with UN or NATO Sanction but not Congressional Approval
3.1 Somalia
3.2 Haiti
3.3 Bosnia
3.4 Kosovo
4.Congressional Support but not Approval
4.1 Persian Gulf War
4.2 War on Terrorism and Afghanistan
4.3 The Iraq War
5.Presidential Compliance and Non-compliance: a Summary
Chapter 6 Conclusion
1.The Expansion of Presidential War Power: Phases, Causes, and Means
2.The Patterns of Interplay in War Decision-making and the Relevant Variables
3.The Nature and Future of War Power Struggle
Bibliography
发布时间: 2006-05-15
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