发展中国家电子废物处理设施认证机制研究

论文摘要

电子废弃物是目前增长量最大的废弃物种类之一。由于其含有的有毒物质可能在回收过程中释放出来,电子废弃物对人体健康与生态环境都具有很大的危害。目前部分发展中国家采用较粗放的方法回收处理电子废弃物,使得工人身体健康受到很大的伤害,同时易引起严重的地下水污染。随着发达国家将电子废物转移至发展中国家的这一行为使得电子废弃物问题已发展成为一个全球性的危机。在国家层面,废物管理部门应解决电子废弃物管理的立法问题。然而在产业领域,只有认证机制等产业驱动策略能够成为业界迅速发展的最佳实践。本研究旨在阐明认证机制的建立如何使之成为发展中国家解决电子废物管理问题的最佳实践。本研究结合发达国家非强制性标准的评估,重点分析了标准管理体系、收集回收立法目标以及统一区域适用标准等不同策略实施过程中所扮演的角色。本研究通过对中国与巴西的现状分析对比发现:尽管针对电子废弃物的立法与越境转移的控制很重要,但是只有基于产业驱动的标准建立才是解决发展中国家电子废物管理的最佳实践。而发达国家当前采用的认证机制并不直接适用于发展中国家。针对国际合作的调研显示,利用已有成果与经验至关重要;针对融资方面的研究表明,认证机制的设计必须结合依赖于生产者付费制或更为先进的消费者回收付费原则的融资策略。同时,认证机制的设计需要涵盖所有产业阶段以及所有类别的电子废弃物。标准的内容需涵盖实施环境健康安全管理体系以及标准化的下游产业监管机制。此外,认证机制的有效性严重依赖于独立的第三方专业审计机构,以及利益相关方如何利用这一机制快速处理新问题。

论文目录

• 中文摘要
• ABSTRACT
• CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
• 1.1. Purpose of an e-waste recycling factory certification framework for developing countries
• 1.1.1. Situation of e-waste recycling in the world
• 1.1.2. Current solutions
• 1.1.3. Utility of the voluntary approach
• 1.1.4. Common objectives of e-waste management systems
• 1.1.4.1. The waste management ladder
• 1.1.4.2. The question of hazardous waste
• 1.1.5. Key issues of e-waste management
• 1.1.5.1. The question of the responsibility
• 1.1.5.2. Financing e-waste recycling
• 1.1.5.3. Political will
• CHAPTER 2- ASSESSMENT ON CERTIFICATION MECHANISMS IN DEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES
• 2.1. Voluntary standards initiatives
• 2.1.1. Responsible Recycling （R2 Standard）
• 2.1.2. e-Stewards
• 2.1.3. Electronic Reuse and Refurbishing Program and Recycling Qualification Program
• 2.1.4. WEEELABEX
• 2.1.5. Eurometaux initiative
• 2.2. Analysis
• 2.2.1. Stewardship Programs with voluntary standards requirement
• 2.2.1.1. Geographical implementation
• 2.2.1.2. Influence of population density
• 2.2.2. Influence of specific e-waste legislation on standards implementation
• 2.2.2.1. Specificities of e-waste legislations
• 2.2.2.2. Collection rates
• 2.2.2.3. Relation between legislation and standards implementation
• 2.2.3. Assessment on the European regional certification system
• 2.2.3.1. E-waste legislation in the European Union
• 2.2.3.2. The WEEE Forum
• 2.2.3.3. Market share of WEEE Forum members
• 2.2.4. Perception of e-waste management stakeholders
• CHAPTER 3- E-WASTE MANAGEMENT AND NEEDS IN NEWLYINDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
• 3.1. E-waste management in China
• 3.1.1. Main legislation
• 3.1.1.1. Laws from the National People's Congress
• 3.1.1.2. Regulations for the Administration of the Recycling and Disposal of Waste Electronic and Electrical Products
• 3.1.1.3. Rules from the Ministries
• 3.1.1.4. Other specific policies
• 3.1.2. Technical specification
• 3.1.2.1. Informal Treatment
• 3.1.2.2. Official Treatment Facilities
• 3.1.3. Implementation and Effects
• 3.1.3.1. Environmental Pollution
• 3.1.3.2. Old for new Policy
• 3.1.3.3. Other collection initiatives
• 3.2. E-waste management in Brazil
• 3.2.1. Main legislation
• 3.2.1.1. National legislation
• 3.2.1.2. State-level legislation
• 3.2.2. Implementation and effects
• 3.2.2.1. Social programs on digital inclusion
• 3.2.2.2. Take back initiatives
• 3.2.2.3. Scaling e-waste treatment system
• 3.2.3. Technical specification
• 3.2.3.1. Local Treatment
• 3.2.3.2. Export of most hazardous waste
• 3.2.3.3. Technical difficulties
• 3.3. Main needs to improve e-waste management
• 3.3.1. Specific e-waste legislations
• 3.3.2. Control import/export activities
• 3.3.3. Boost official industry through voluntary standards
• CHAPTER 4- GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION MECHANISMS IN NEWLYINDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
• 4.1. Need for international cooperation
• 4.1.1. International organization with regional offices
• 4.1.2. Specific international initiatives on e-waste management
• 4.1.2.1. Partnership for Action on Computing Equipment
• 4.1.2.2. Mobile Phone Partnership Initiative
• 4.1.2.3. Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool
• 4.2. Voluntary standards and financing mechanism
• 4.2.1. Countries with strong political will
• 4.2.2. Countries with liberal approach
• 4.2.3. Development of regional reflection
• 4.3. Certification structure
• 4.3.1. Comprehensive coverage
• 4.3.1.1. Unofficial collection and transportation
• 4.3.1.2. Treatment industry
• 4.3.1.3. Waste streams scope
• 4.3.2. Environmental,Health & Security Management System
• 4.3.2.1. Identification and planning
• 4.3.2.2. Implementation of the action plan
• 4.3.2.3. Monitoring requirements
• 4.3.3. Downstream monitoring
• 4.3.4. Auditing mechanism
• 4.3.4.1. Third party conformity assessment
• 4.3.4.2. Specialized auditors
• 4.3.4.3. Recurrent check up
• 4.3.5. Implementation guidelines
• CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• 致谢
• 附录
• 个人简历