英汉“话题—说明”结构比较研究

英汉“话题—说明”结构比较研究

论文摘要

当一个人说一句话时,他倾向于先“宣布”一个“话题”,然后对其进行“说明”,这样,“话题-说明”作为一种相对松散的结构普遍存在于人类的语言中。而学会使用一门语言,简单地说,是会用一个个句子,或一群句子来表达相应的意思;在这个过程中,一个个“话题”的选取是言语表达的首要任务,在一定的语篇中,话题的推进也是语篇组织的一个重要方面。因此,对“话题-说明”结构的研究具有重要的理论意义及现实意义。在国际语法界,由于长期受西方形式语法思维的影响,“话题-说明”现象一直没有得到重视;直到20世纪,随着汉语在国际语言学界引起瞩目,“话题-说明”现象才逐渐得到重视。美国语言学家霍凯特(1958)正式提出了“话题”“说明”的概念,赵元任(1968)系统地研究了汉语中的“话题-说明”结构。随后对“话题-说明”结构的研究热极一时,李讷和汤姆逊(1976)更是把一种语言中“话题”的突出与否提到了区别语言类型的高度。然而,自后,对“话题-说明”结构的研究陷入了争论的泥潭,而其本应有的现实价值在争论中被削弱。“话题-说明”结构在语言学中是一个热点问题,几乎被每一位重要的语言学家和语法学家提及,然而对“话题-说明”结构的系统研究却很少,现有研究多散见于一些语法著作和学术论文中。所以,本文的研究目的在于:1),对现有研究做系统的整理,厘清其主要脉络,对其中不符合事实,不成熟的观点进行纠正,对一些有价值但不引人注意的观点进行凸显,指出诸多争辩存在的原因,成全“话题-说明”理论本该有的现实指导价值。2),在1)的基础上对“话题-说明”结构做进一步研究,对其性质进行探讨,并对其进行详细的分类。3),在2)的基础上对“话题-说明”结构在英语和汉语中具体表现和分布做统计并进行分析,从“话题-说明”结构的角度加深人们对这两门语言的印象,从而方便对它们的学习和使用。本文的论述主要基于两种语料:随机语料和系统语料,随机语料主要指生活中听到或读到的语料,系统语料为20篇英汉原版经典著作,其中包括中短篇小说,散文和议论文,英汉各10篇。本研究主要采用了文献分析,对比分析,定性分析,定量分析以及内容分析等方法。本文包括六章,第一章介绍研究目的和基础,第二章说明研究方法和过程,第三章进行文献综述与分析,第四章进一步考查“话题-说明”结构的性质并对其进行分类,其中探讨了“话题-说明”结构的句法机制,第五章对“话题-说明”结构在英汉语中的表现和分布进行调查分析,第六章是结论与启示。

论文目录

  • Abstract
  • 摘要
  • List of Tables
  • List of Abbreviations
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Research Background
  • 1.2 Aim and Significance
  • 1.3 Research Rationale
  • 1.4 Research Questions
  • 1.5 The Structure of the Thesis
  • Chapter 2 Research Methods and Procedures
  • 2.1 Research Methods
  • 2.2 Data Collection and Analysis
  • 2.3 Research Procedures
  • Chapter 3 Literature Review and Analysis
  • 3.1 A Historical Overview of TC Theory
  • 3.1.1 “Qici”(起词) and “Yuci” (语词) in Mashi Wentong (《马氏文通》)
  • 3.1.2 Edward Sapir’s Thinking Relevant to TC
  • 3.1.3 “Biaoyu” (标语) and “Shuomingyu”(说明语)
  • 3.1.4 Hockett’s Contribution to Linguistic on the Issue of TC
  • 3.1.5 Chao Yuanren and TC in Chinese
  • 3.2 “Topic” in Narrow Sense and Its Entanglements with “Subject”
  • 3.2.1 Topic-prominence vs. Subject-prominence
  • 3.2.2 Objections to Charles N. Li and Sandra A. Thompson’s Theory
  • 3.2.3 The Theory of “Three planes” and “the Plane Topic belongs to”
  • 3.2.4 A Comment on the Entanglement between “Subject” and “Topic”
  • 3.3 The Research Literature Specific to Topic
  • 3.3.1 Studies Abroad
  • 3.3.2 Domestic Studies
  • 3.4 Critiques on the TC Researches
  • Chapter 4 Theoretical Foundation and Discussion
  • 4.1 The Property and Classification of “Comment”
  • 4.2 A Description of “Subject” from the Perspective of TC
  • 4.3 Some Definitions to “Topic” and the Critiques on the Definitions
  • 4.3.1 Shi Dingxu’s (2000) Definition
  • 4.3.2 Chafe’s (1976) Definition
  • 4.3.3 Shen Jiaxuan’s (1999) “Feature Bundle” of Topic:
  • 4.4 The Nature of TC
  • 4.5 The Syntactic Mechanism of TC
  • 4.6 Classification of TC
  • 4.6.1 Marked TC vs. Unmarked TC
  • 4.6.2 Syntactic Topic vs. Discourse Topic
  • 4.6.3 The thematic roles as topic
  • 4.7 Summary
  • Chapter 5 The Function Patterns and Distributions of TCs in English and Chinese
  • 5.1 TCs in Isolated Sentences in English and Chinese
  • 5.1.1 TCs in English and Chinese
  • 5.1.2 The TC in English which cannot be found in Chinese
  • 5.1.3 Some TCs in Chinese which cannot be found in English
  • 5.1.4 The Distributions of the TCs in English and Chinese
  • 5.2 TCs in Discourse in English and Chinese
  • 5.2.1 Global Topic, Local Topic and Previous Topic in English and Chinese Discourse
  • 5.2.2 Topic-chain and Pan-topic-chain
  • 5.3 Discussion on the Function Patterns and Distributions of TCs in English and Chinese
  • 5.4 Summary
  • Chapter 6 Conclusion and Implications
  • 6.1 A General Conclusion
  • 6.2 Theoretical Implications
  • 6.3 Implications for the Foreign Language Teaching and Cross-Language Translation
  • 6.4 Concluding Remarks
  • 6.4.1 Limitations of Present Study
  • 6.4.2 Suggestions for Further Study
  • Bibliography
  • Appendix: Text Data for Frequency Statistics of TCs in English and Chinese
  • Acknowledgements
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    英汉“话题—说明”结构比较研究
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